Abstract
To explore the protective impact of the ginger root ethanol extract (GRE) against the oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and apoptotic and its mechanism. Parkinson's disease (PD) model was established using 6-OHDA in the cells of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12). The GRE pretreatment increased PC12 cell viability of injury induced by 6-OHDA. The GRE effectively suppressed 6-OHDA-induced death, apoptosis through decreased Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 expression, and up-regulated expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). GRE also inhibited 6-OHDA-inducel oxidative stress, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulates the heme oxygenase (HO-1), antioxidant enzymes, catalase and, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase1 (OGG1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1). Besides, GRE up-regulating Protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), down-regulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation, together with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. In conclusions, the GRE prevented apoptosis and oxidative stress in 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cells. The ginger ethanol extract could be treatment and prevention of PD.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second prevalent neurodegenerative motor disease in addition to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
With the aim of investigating the protective effect of the ginger root ethanol extract (GRE), 2×105 cells/mL PC12 were cultivated in a culture plate (96-well) for 24 h, and the cells were pretreated via GRE with various concentrations for 60 minutes, and exposed to the 6-OHDA (125 μM) for one day, subsequently each well was added with WST-8 (10 μL) and incubated for four hours, at 450 nm, the absorbance was measured
These results suggested that phosphorylation of JNK, ERK may promotes cell apoptosis while p38 phosphorylation promotes cell growth, GRE was neuroprotective in 6-OHDA via inhibition of JNK, ERK phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p38 phosphorylation in PC12
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second prevalent neurodegenerative motor disease in addition to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) It is characterized via the degeneration or loss of the dopaminergic neurons in midbrain substantia nigra, leading to motor disorders, containing rigidity, tremor, postural instability and motor retardation (Blesa et al, 2012). ROS is fundamental for physiological cellular including cellular signaling and synaptic plasticity, but accumulate excessively in the brain leads to oxidative stress and neurons cells apoptotic death (Beckhauser et al, 2016). Using compounds with reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis effects fight against neurodegenerative disease. Previous studies found that 6-shogaol neuroprotective effects on the oxidative stress induced with 6-OHDA in the PC12 cells (Kabuto et al, 2005; Peng et al, 2015). We explored the influence of GRE on anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and its mechanisms on the PC12 cells induced with 6-OHDA
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