Abstract
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (bangle) has a variety of active compounds, including curcumin and phenylbutenoid. Bangle rhizoma reported exhibiting immunomodulatory activities. This research aims to determine the mechanism of bangle extract as an immunomodulator by the secretion of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI), Nitric Oxide (NO), and interleukin (IL-10 and IL-14) expression level. Bangle extract (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) was made by the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. This research was administered in vitro using macrophage cells from male mice with Balb/C strain divided into 2 groups: normal control and treatment group (receiving 25, 50, and 100 ppm of extract). The administration of bangle extract can function as an immunomodulator by an increase of ROI in 25 and 50 ppm of the extract significantly than the control group (p <0.05), the treatment groups decrease NO level (p <0.05), it also was found to increase expression of IL-10 and IL-14 expression levels (p <0.05). Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. extract was potentially to be developed as an immunomodulator.
Highlights
The immune system defends our body against invaders, such as viruses, bacteria, and foreign bodies which are the cause of various diseases
This research aims to determine the mechanism of bangle extract as an immunomodulator by the secretion of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI), Nitric Oxide (NO), and interleukin (IL-10 and IL-14) expression level
In contrast to macrophage cells that do not secrete ROI, it looks only brown without any formazan deposits
Summary
The immune system defends our body against invaders, such as viruses, bacteria, and foreign bodies which are the cause of various diseases. It consists of a natural immune system (innate immunity/non-specific) and an adaptive immune system (adaptive immunity/specific) (Akrom, 2017; Baratawidjaja and Rengganis, 2014). Immunomodulators are restoring the imbalance of the disrupted immune system (Akrom, 2017). Macrophages express many surface receptors that can catch and swallow (degrade) microbes, in a process called phagocytosis (Baratawidjaja and Rengganis, 2014). Phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) are the macrophages main mechanism in destroying infected cells (Akrom et al, 2015)
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