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Abstract
Crop plants always encounter multiple stresses in the natural environment. Here, the effects of the fungicide zinc thiazole (ZT) on propagation of Ralstonia solanacearum, a bacterial pathogen, were investigated in peanut seedlings under salt stress. Compared with water control, salt stress markedly reduced pathogen resistance in peanut seedlings. However, impaired pathogen resistance was alleviated by treatment with dimethylthiourea, a specific ROS scavenger, or ZT. Subsequently, salt stress or combined salt and pathogen treatment resulted in inhibition of photosynthesis, loss of chlorophyll and accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, which could be reversed by ZT. In addition, ZT treatment suppressed the salt stress up-regulated Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratios in peanut roots. Furthermore, salt stress or combined salt and pathogen treatment impaired the activities of antioxidant (e.g. superoxide dismutase/SOD and catalase/CAT), and defense-related (e.g. phenylalanine ammonia lyase /PAL and polyphenol oxidase/PPO) enzymes, which could be rescued by addition of ZT. In contrast, only slight changes of SOD and CAT activities were observed in pathogen-infected seedlings. Similarly, activities of PAL and PPO were slightly modified by salt stress in peanut seedlings. These results suggest that the ZT-enhanced pathogen resistance can be partly attributed to the improvement of photosynthetic capacity and defense enzyme activities, and also the inhibition of Na+/K+ ratios, in this salt-stressed crop plant.
Highlights
Plants are sessile and sensitive organisms that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, including drought, high salinity, heavy metal, cold stresses and pathogen attack, throughout their life cycle
H2O2 caused an increase of approximately 34% and 18% in bacterial numbers in leaves and roots of salt-stressed seedlings, respectively, after inoculation for seven days (Fig 1B; p < 0.05)
It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to programmed cell death in the host, and associated activation of defense responses regulated by the salicylic acid-dependent pathway [21]
Summary
Plants are sessile and sensitive organisms that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, including drought, high salinity, heavy metal, cold stresses and pathogen attack, throughout their life cycle. Salinity is a major environmental factor limiting plant photosynthesis and crop yields, which is due to the low osmotic potential of soil solution-specific ion effects, nutritional imbalance or a combination of these factors [1,2]. Zinc thiazole increases pathogen resistance under salt stress in peanut. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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