Zinc oxide/carbon xerogel composites for photocatalytic applications developed through acidic and alkaline synthesis routes: structural, morphological, and photocatalytic evaluations

Abstract

This paper evaluates the influence of synthesis route (acidic or alkaline) on the structure, morphology, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO/Carbon xerogel composites. Structurally, both classes of materials present the wurtzite phase of zinc oxide. Composites derived from acidic route displayed facile thermal degradation of the zinc oxalate precursor when compared with pure zinc oxalate. Morphology-wise, materials produced through alkaline route are composed of nodular and plate-like particles, whereas acidic route composites are heterogeneously formed by large polyhedral particles and small particle agglomerates. Elemental distribution analysis confirms the heterogeneity of the acidic route composites, showing clear phase separation between the ZnO and the carbon xerogel. The composites prepared using the alkaline route are superior in the photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol, probably due to higher homogeneity and synergy between the semiconductor and carbonaceous phases. The superiority of alkaline route composites is confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which shows that such materials have enhanced charge separation capability.