Abstract
Advances in the miniaturization and portability of the chemical sensing devices have always been hindered by the external power supply problem, which has focused new interest in the fabrication of self-powered sensing devices for disease diagnosis and the monitoring of analytes. This review describes the fabrication of ZnO nanomaterial-based sensors synthesized on different conducting substrates for extracellular detection, and the use of a sharp borosilicate glass capillary (diameter, d = 700 nm) to grow ZnO nanostructures for intracellular detection purposes in individual human and frog cells. The electrocatalytic activity and fast electron transfer properties of the ZnO materials provide the necessary energy to operate as well as a quick sensing device output response, where the role of the nanomorphology utilized for the fabrication of the sensor is crucial for the production of the operational energy. Simplicity, design, cost, sensitivity, selectivity and a quick and stable response are the most important features of a reliable sensor for routine applications. The review details the extra- and intra-cellular applications of the biosensors for the detection and monitoring of different metallic ions present in biological matrices, along with the biomolecules glucose and cholesterol.
Highlights
The enduring advance of sensing technology has progressed alongside the corresponding massive advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology
The ability of the ZnO nanorod-based biosensing probe encapsulated by ionophore membranes was verified through the monitoring of in vivo measurements of biological species [42]
This review article deals with self-powered chemical sensors fabricated for the detection of biomolecules and metal ions present in extra- and intra-cellular solutions
Summary
The enduring advance of sensing technology has progressed alongside the corresponding massive advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Diverse shaped ZnO nanomaterials have been fabricated utilizing different production techniques, e.g., nanofibers through electrospinning, rough nanomorphologies through radiofrequency sputtering, three-dimensional order structures through printing technologies, highly controlled structures through electron beam lithography and molecular beam epitaxy, and various nanostructures through wet chemistry techniques [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] These nanostructures have exceptional capabilities that can be utilized for the fabrication of potentially ideal sensing devices with key features like low detection limits, without the involvement of any filter, ultrafast sensing capability and recovery, strong reproducibility, good sensitivity, high selectivity, and the ability to operate under ambient room temperature conditions. Our research group has been working on solution-based syntheses of ZnO nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanodisks, nanowalls, nanoflowers, etc.) and the use of these structures for the extra- and intracellular sensing of biological species for more than a decade
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