Zinc-methionine acts as an anti-diarrheal agent by protecting the intestinal epithelial barrier in postnatal Holstein dairy calves

Abstract

This study compared the effects of supplementation of postnatal Holstein dairy calves with low doses of zinc-methionine (Zn-Met) or zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and the integrity of the small intestinal epithelial barrier. Twenty-four male newborn Holstein dairy calves with similar body weight (42.0 ± 1.2 kg) received raw milk and starter containing zinc at 4.05 mg/kg and 176 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. All animals were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): a control group (CON, without extra zinc supplementation), a Zn-Met group (receiving 455 mg of Zn-Met per day, equivalent to 80 mg of zinc per day), or a ZnO group (receiving 103 mg of ZnO per day, equivalent to 80 mg of zinc per day). The experiment lasted for 14 days. Zn-Met and ZnO were mixed with milk and fed to the calves. Body weight, height, length, and heart girth were measured on the morning of days 1, 7, and 15. Feed intake and fecal scores were recorded daily during the experimental period. Blood samples were collected on day 15 before morning feeding. Thereafter, the animals were euthanized and their small intestines were collected for examination of intestinal morphology and the expression levels of mRNAs encoding jejunal mucosal tight junction (TJ) proteins. The two different sources of zinc did not influence growth performance or diarrhea incidence in dairy calves during days 1–7 or 1–14 after birth. However, Zn-Met supplementation reduced the diarrhea incidence (35.7 % [Zn-Met] vs. 58.9 % [CON]) and improved the average daily gain (ADG) (500 g/d [Zn-Met] vs. 422 g/d [CON]) and feed efficiency (feed-to-gain ratio: 2.05 [Zn-Met] vs. 2.47 [CON]) significantly during the second week after birth (P < 0.05). Supplementation with Zn-Met improved the integrity of the intestinal mucosa barrier, as indicated by increases in the height of the ileal villi and the expression levels of mRNAs encoding jejunal mucosal TJ proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens protein-1), as well as a reduction in serum D-lactate concentration (P < 0.05). By contrast, no significant differences in the parameters examined were observed between the ZnO and CON groups. Overall, these findings suggest that Zn-Met supplementation lowers the incidence of diarrhea in postnatal Holstein dairy calves by reducing intestinal permeability, which sheds light on the effectiveness of zinc application as a potential treatment for diarrhea during early life calf rearing.