Abstract
AbstractPaddy-wheat crop rotation is responsible for declining soil health, underground water table, arising new micronutrient deficiencies, new weed flora, and resistance to herbicides, declining both land and water productivity and is claimed to be capital and energy-intensive, more particularly in emerging countries. This is further aggravated when micronutrients are deficient, particularly zinc (Zn), which plays an important role in human health, especially in developing countries. Zn biofortification is a technique in which the inherent Zn status of the edible portion of plants is improved by simply spraying a Zn solution onto the crop or through a soil application at a predetermined stage and a proper dose. The concentration of Zn within a wheat grain is genotype-dependent and interacts with the environment, inducing variation in a grain’s concentration of micronutrients. Grain quality parameters are positively correlated with a higher dose of nitrogen in the late reproductive stage. Broadcasting of ZnSO4·7H2O at 62.5 kg ha−1and foliar application of Zn chelates such as Zn–HEDP (C) at 2 g L−1, Zn–HEDP (L) at 3 g L−1, or a 0.4–0.5% ZnSO4solution during grain development stage enhanced the growth, productivity, and micronutrients concentration in the edible portion of the plant which further improves the quality of wheat grains and ultimately improves human health in the region. Given the central importance to Zn in cereal-based nutrition, zinc biofortification appears as an innovative technology to alleviate the zinc deficiency in human health, especially on the Indian subcontinent, by applying Zn either as a foliar or soil application.
Highlights
The rising micronutrient deficiencies more of zinc (Zn) is claimed to be the major reason for the declining land and water productivity of both rice and wheat yield in South Asia (Kataki et al 2001a; Nayyar et al 2001; Bhatt et al 2016; Das et al 2019, 2020; Hossain et al 2019)
Given the central importance of Zn in cereal-based nutrition, especially on the Indian subcontinent, this review aims to assess Zn biofortification as a way to alleviate Zn deficiency in human health
Mineral fertilizers both macro and micro combined with proper soil fertilization approaches with an increased ability to improve the zinc density of grains, are advocated
Summary
The rising micronutrient deficiencies more of zinc (Zn) is claimed to be the major reason for the declining land and water productivity of both rice and wheat yield in South Asia (Kataki et al 2001a; Nayyar et al 2001; Bhatt et al 2016; Das et al 2019, 2020; Hossain et al 2019). When wheat flour is milled, Zn-rich parts (i.e., the aleurone and embryo) are mostly removed and only the endosperm (Zn-poor; about 5–10 mg Zn kg−1) remains, making wheat flour Zn-poor (Ozturk et al 2006; Cakmak and Kutman 2018; Figure 2). In addition to these factors, the “dilution effect” is responsible for decreased Zn content in the edible portion of cereals with significantly increased. Given the central importance of Zn in cereal-based nutrition, especially on the Indian subcontinent, this review aims to assess Zn biofortification as a way to alleviate Zn deficiency in human health
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