Abstract
Nearly half of the world cereal production comes from soils low or marginal in plant available zinc, leading to unsustainable and poor quality grain production. Therefore, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate and application time on zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration in wheat grain were investigated. Wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Krabat) was grown in a growth chamber with 8 and 16 h of day and night periods, respectively. The N rates were 29, 43, and 57 mg N kg-1 soil, equivalent to 80, 120, and 160 kg N ha-1. Zinc and Fe were applied at 10 mg kg-1 growth media. In one of the N treatments, additional Zn and Fe through foliar spray (6 mg of Zn or Fe in 10 ml water/pot) was applied. Micro-analytical localization of Zn and Fe within grain was performed using scanning macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The following data were obtained: grain and straw yield pot-1, 1000 grains weight, number of grains pot-1, whole grain protein content, concentration of Zn and Fe in the grains. Grain yield increased from 80 to 120 kg N ha-1 rates only and decreased at 160 kg N ha-1 g. Relatively higher protein content and Zn and Fe concentration in the grain were recorded with the split N application of 160 kg N ha-1. Soil and foliar supply of Zn and Fe (Zn + Fes+f), with a single application of 120 kg N ha-1N at sowing, increased the concentration of Zn by 46% and of Fe by 35%, as compared to their growth media application only. Line scans of freshly cut areas of sliced grains showed co-localization of Zn and Fe within germ, crease and aleurone. We thus conclude that split application of N at 160 kg ha-1 at sowing and stem elongation, in combination with soil and foliar application of Zn and Fe, can be a good agricultural practice to enhance protein content and the Zn and Fe concentration in grain.
Highlights
Cereals are genetically low in Zn and Fe concentration, with reduced bioavailability (Graham et al, 2001; Cakmak, 2002)
disabilityadjusted life years worldwide (DALYs) are calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and the years lived with disability (YLDs) based on 291 causes and 20 age groups of both sexes
The grain yield pot−1 increased while increasing N rate from 80 to 120 kg N ha−1, but decreased when N was increased to 160 kg N ha−1
Summary
Cereals are genetically low in Zn and Fe concentration, with reduced bioavailability (Graham et al, 2001; Cakmak, 2002). Every year Fe and Zn deficiency causes deaths of about 800000 children and 2.4% of global disabilityadjusted life years worldwide (DALYs), while the corresponding value of DALYs for Zn is 1.9% (Mutangadura, 2004). The consumption of white flour made predominantly from endosperm of wheat grain discarding bran in the milling process has even worsened the degree of Fe and Zn malnutrition. This is because Fe and Zn accumulate in higher concentrations in the embryo and aleurone layer than in endosperm of a wheat grain (Šramková et al, 2009; Cakmak et al, 2010). The consumption of whole grain wheat rather than white wheat flour has been advocated to increase the daily Fe and Zn intake
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