Abstract
The requirements for zero liquid discharge in the United States originated in 1972 when the United States Congress enacted broad amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. This legislation, along with various other state and regional regulations, has required many electric utilities to commit to zero liquid discharge prior to being issued a construction permit. This is particularly so in the water scarce Southwestern region of the United States. Since the enactment of pollution control legislation, twenty-four coal fired power stations coming on-line were required to achieve zero discharge. The stations have chosen equally between evaporation ponds and mechanical recovery methods as the solution. A review of the factors affecting the choice and design of zero discharge systems is presented. Methods to improve the overall plant water balance by a total water system design, during the plant design phase, is also discussed.
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