Zero-energy solutions and vortices in Schrödinger equations

Abstract

All two-dimensional Schr\"{o}dinger equations with symmetric potentials \break $(V_a(\rho)=-a^2g_a \rho ^{2(a-1)/2} {with} \rho=\sqrt{x^2+y^2} {and} a\not=0)$ is shown to have zero energy states contained in conjugate spaces of Gel'fand triplets. For the zero energy eigenvalue the equations for all $a$ are reduced to the same equation representing two-dimensional free motions in the constant potential $V_a=-g_a$ in terms of the conformal mappings of $\zeta_a=z^a$ with $z=x+iy$. Namely, the zero energy eigenstates are described by the plane waves with the fixed wave numbers $k_a=\sqrt{mg_a}/\hbar$ in the mapped spaces. All the zero energy states are infinitely degenerate as same as the case of the parabolic potential barrier (PPB) shown in ref. \cite{sk4}. Following hydrodynamical arguments, we see that such states describe stationary flows round the origin, which are represented by the complex velocity potentials $W=p_a z^a$, ($p_a$ being a complex number) and their linear combinations create almost arbitrary vortex patterns. Examples of the vortex patterns in constant potntials and PPB are presented.