Abstract
The use of zeolite catalysts for the refining of products from methanol synthesis and Fisher–Tropsch synthesis was reviewed. The focus was on fuels refining processes and differences in the application to indirect liquefaction products was compared to petroleum, which is often a case of managing different molecules. Processes covered were skeletal isomerisation of n-butenes, hydroisomerisation of n-butane, aliphatic alkylation, alkene oligomerisation, methanol to hydrocarbons, ethanol and heavier alcohols to hydrocarbons, carbonyls to hydrocarbons, etherification of alkenes with alcohols, light naphtha hydroisomerisation, catalytic naphtha reforming, hydroisomerisation of distillate, hydrocracking and fluid catalytic cracking. The zeolite types that are already industrially used were pointed out, as well as zeolite types that have future promise for specific conversion processes.
Highlights
Liquid fuels are likely to remain in demand by society for transport applications due to the high energy density and ease distribution of such fuels
The liquefaction process determines the nature of the material that must be refined and there are two industrially practiced indirect liquefaction processes, namely, methanol synthesis [1] and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis [2]
Wax hydrocracking is a key refining technology for indirect liquefaction based on low Conversion of vacuum gas oil and vacuum residue by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) relies on temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and it is industrially employed in several facilities [11]
Summary
Liquid fuels are likely to remain in demand by society for transport applications due to the high energy density and ease distribution of such fuels. The crude oil feed is first distilled into different boiling fractions, or. The crude oil feed is first distilled into different boiling fractions, or “cuts” (Figure 1). It is useful to think of refining as a collection of conversion processes that manipulate the molecular composition of each boiling fraction so that it meets the requirements imposed by the fuel specifications to produce a marketable product. Typical values for the boiling fractions from different indirect liquefaction processes are given in Table 2 [1,11] In this respect, the product from methanol synthesis is unique, since it consists mainly of methanol, which is produced with high selectivity. Petroleum naphtha obtained by distillation from crude oil consists of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, as well as some sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Jet fuel can be produced from non-petroleum sources [12], including Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
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