Abstract
This study explores the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose under soft conditions using a combination of both homogeneous (HCl) and heterogeneous catalysts (β-zeolite). The impact of temperature and HCl concentration is studied, revealing that the most favorable results (highest HMF yield) are achieved at 140ºC with 0.02 %w/w of HCl (19% of selectivity, 23.5% of conversion). Nevertheless, the inherent recalcitrance of cellulose limits the conversion and the HMF concentration. Three chemical pretreatments (HCl, H2O2, HNO3) are considered, assessing the effect of concentration. Except when using 69% of HNO3, the bulk structure of cellulose remains largely unaffected (low effect on conversions). However, the surface of cellulose undergoes chemical alteration due to the acidic and predominantly oxidizing pretreatment, leading to the detection of C5 compounds. These modifications have a positive influence on the reaction, significantly enhancing the selectivity towards HMF up to 50% (34% of conversion).
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
