Zeolite and fly ash in the composition of oil well cement: Evaluation of degradation by CO2 under geological storage condition

Abstract

The performance of cement class G used in cementation of oilfield wellbores with addition of pozzolans was evaluated under geological carbon storage conditions. Two commercial synthetic zeolites types (4A-1 and 4A-2) and fly ash from a coal-fired plant were used as pozzolanic materials in amounts of 5 and 10% in weight replacing the cement. After curing, the cement samples were submitted to degradation tests in CO2-saturated water at 15 MPa and 90 °C for 7 and 14 days. The cement chemical degradation by CO2 was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and compressive strength tests. The chemically altered layer thickness was averaged 3.46 mm for standard cement after 14 days of exposure to CO2. On the other hand, cement systems with 10% wt. of pozzolanic material varied from 1.70 to 5.50 mm depending on the type of pozzolan and level of cementitious matrix porosity related to pozzolanic particle clustering. In general, 4A-1 zeolite presented better performance in terms of resistance to CO2 attack and higher compressive strength after 14 days when compared to 4A-2 zeolite. The results showed that the addition of fly ash improved the compressive strength of the samples but increased the chemically altered layer due to CO2 diffusion. SEM and XRD analyses showed that the portlandite was consumed and carbonation occurred in the chemical modified layer due to cement reaction with aqueous CO2. Most cement systems with and without pozzolanic material exhibited no expressive loss on compressive strength after being exposed to CO2-rich environment up to 14 days. On the contrary, some cement systems with 4-A1 zeolite and fly ash exhibited a mechanical resistance increase due to the carbonation process.