Zenith angle effects in multichannel infrared sea surface remote sensing

Abstract

Several approaches to infrared multichannel sea surface temperature retrievals propose using a universal set of constants. It is shown that the single-channel multiangle technique (i.e., GOES and NOAA) and the multichannel single-angle technique (NOAA-n) are similar concepts with a common derivation from radiative transfer theory. It is also shown that the linear correlation factor between surface temperature minus satellite temperature in one channel versus the difference in satellite temperatures in two channels is not independent of the difference in satellite sensed equivalent blackbody temperature. The 3.7-μm, 11-μm, and 12-μm channels on the NOAA-n AVHRR can be used in combination to compute atmospheric transmissivity and average atmospheric temperature, but a better combination would be substituting three 0.5-μm-wide channels centered on 11.25 μm, 11.75 μm, and 12.25 μm. A triple window multispectral scanner in the 11–12.5 μm region allows determination of diffuse surface reflectance which can bias sea surface temperatures −0.4 K±0.3 K.