Abstract
One of the concerns when using grain ingredients in feed formulation for livestock and poultry diets is mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, trichothecene (deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that have been frequently reported in animal feed. ZEN, which has raised additional concern due to its estrogenic response in animals, is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense and F. semitectums, and often co-occurs with deoxynivalenol in grains. The commonly elaborated derivatives of ZEN are α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol. Other modified and masked forms of ZEN (including the extractable conjugated and non-extractable bound derivatives of ZEN) have also been quantified. In this review, common dose of ZEN in animal feed was summarized. The absorption rate, distribution (“carry-over”), major metabolites, toxicity and estrogenicity of ZEN related to poultry, swine and ruminants are discussed.
Highlights
Grains are major ingredients for farm animals raised in integration production systems, which primarily contributes energy to the diet
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different fungi and are defined as “natural products produced by fungi that evoke a toxic response when introduced in low concentration to higher vertebrates and other animals by a natural route” [3]
ZELs, ZAN and ZALs are the modified and masked forms, including derivatives conjugated with glucose, sulfate and glucuronic reduced metabolites of ZEN occurring during its phase I metabolism
Summary
Grains are major ingredients for farm animals raised in integration production systems, which primarily contributes energy to the diet. ZEN is a white, crystalline, different grains worldwide, including corn, wheat, barley, oats, etc., which are often used as feed fat-soluble toxin with a relatively high melting point (164 to 165 ◦ C) [16,17]. It is found in different ingredients in farm animals [12,18,19]. ZELs, ZAN and ZALs are the modified and masked forms, including derivatives conjugated with glucose, sulfate and glucuronic reduced metabolites of ZEN occurring during its phase I metabolism. Graminearum or F. culmorum [12], which means the most suitable moisture and temperature
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