Zearalenone in Food and Feed

Abstract

This chapter provides information on the many sources of zearalenone (ZEN), its presence in food and feed, and its biosynthesis mechanism, with an emphasis on the effect of processing on ZEN concentration, as well as detection and management strategies. Mycotoxins are widely found in a wide variety of plant-based agricultural commodities, including grains, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and forage. ZEN is a xenoestrogen, which are exogenous chemical compounds with a structure similar to naturally occurring estrogens. ZEN is produced via the acetate-polymalonate process, which results in a nonaketide precursor that is subsequently subjected to various cyclization and modifications. ZEN can be developed in maize when it is in the field, as well as during the time of storage, especially if stored with higher moisture content and if properly dried before storage. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are common molds that are responsible for zearalenone mycotoxin contamination in major cereals.