Abstract
This article examines the use of the semi-modalshave to, have got toandneed toin theDiachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English(DECTE), a corpus of spoken Northeastern English dating from the late 1960s to the present day. It will be shown that the semi-modals have, in many contexts, replaced the historically oldermustas markers of obligation and necessity in this variety. Moreover, the two most frequent variants in the corpus,have toandhave got to, will be examined in the light of current theories of grammaticalisation. Internal and external constraints, which have been shown in the literature on root modality to have played an important role in the distribution of variants in other regional varieties of British and North American English, will be tested in DECTE. The article will also examine the rise ofneed toin this northeastern variety, as the most recent addition to the group of variants marking obligation and necessity.
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