Abstract

To investigate ethnic differences in the protective effects of family income against youth social, emotional, and behavioral problems in the US. As proposed by the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), family income may generate fewer tangible outcomes for ethnic minority compared to NHW families. Our existing knowledge is minimal about diminished returns of family income on parental reports of youth social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes. To compare ethnic groups for the effects of family income on parental reports of youth social, emotional, and behavioral problems. In this cross-sectional study, data from wave 1 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were included. The ABCD, an ongoing national cohort of American youth brain development, included 10,762 American youth between ages 8 and 11 years old. The independent variable was family income. The primary outcomes were 1) anxious and depressed mood, 2) withdrawn and depressed affect, 3) somatic complaints, 4) social and interpersonal problems, 5) thought problems, 6) rule-breaking behaviors, 7) attention problems, and 8) violent and aggressive behaviors. These outcomes were generated based on parent-reported behavioral problems measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Overall, high family income was associated with lower levels of parental reports of youth social, emotional, and behavioral problems across all domains (p <0.05 for all beta coefficients across multivariable regression models). Ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with family income on youth fewer social, emotional, and behavioral problems (all domains), net of all confounders (p <0.05 for all beta coefficients that reflected interaction terms across multivariable regression models), indicating smaller tangible gains from their family income for NHB and HW compared to NHW youth. The protective effects of family income against behavioral problems are systematically diminished for HW and NHB youth compared to NHW youth. To minimize the ethnic gap in youth social, behavioral, and emotional problems, diminished returns of family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder HW and NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB and HW families. Thus, SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

Highlights

  • To investigate ethnic differences in the protective effects of family income against youth social, emotional, and behavioral problems in the US

  • Our finding, diminished returns of family income on youth outcomes, was similar to what the literature has already shown regarding the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, including family income, parental education, and family structure for non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic White (HW) families compared to their non-Hispanic White (NHW) counterparts (Assari, 2018a, 2018c; Assari, 2019a; Assari et al, 2019)

  • A recent JAMA paper showed that behavioral and health effects of parental educational attainment are systematically weaker for NHB and HW youth compared to NHW youth (Assari, Caldwell, & Bazargan, 2019)

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Summary

Introduction

To investigate ethnic differences in the protective effects of family income against youth social, emotional, and behavioral problems in the US. Some examples include ethnic differences in substance use (Wallace et al, 2009), aggressive behaviors (McLaughlin et al, 2007), conduct disorders (McLaughlin et al, 2007), anxiety (McLaughlin et al, 2007), depression (McLaughlin et al, 2007), and academic achievement (Bumpus, Umeh, & Harris) Many of these problems can operate as a gateway to future economic and health problems later in life (Burchinal et al, 2011; Cohen & Sherman, 2005; Gorey, 2009; Hair, Hanson, Wolfe, & Pollak, 2015). Suggests that relative to NHWs, NHB and HW youth show weaker effects of family income and other SES indicators such as parental education and marital status on tangible youth outcomes, known as Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) (Assari, 2017; Assari, 2018a)

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