Young women's reproductive and health effects from the Chernobyl nuclear accident: a qualitative historical study

Abstract

Background and Aims: The Chernobyl disaster of April 26, 1986 is still considered the worst nuclear power accident in terms of its long-term health effects, including both thyroid and reproductive effects. This study aims to give voice to exposed women, highlighting reproductive and chronic health issues. Methods: In-depth, narrative interviews were conducted with 18 women who experienced the Chernobyl nuclear accident as children or adolescents and later immigrated to Israel, aged 2-19 at the time of the accident and 31 to 50 at interview. Half of the women originated in high contamination towns in terms of ionizing radiation (based on cesium-137 measured at the time), and the 9/18 from low-contamination towns . The interviews were analyzed by thematic, content analysis. Results: Thyroid and hormonal imbalances were the most widespread health issues reported (10/18). Most had some chronic health issues (14/18), which often started in the years immediately following the accident. Once treated, full-term pregnancies resulted in healthy children for 14 of the 18 women. Fears of cancer and birth defects led two to decide not to procreate, one to decide to procreate at an early age, and another to decide not to get pregnant again after having one healthy child. In recalling the accident and its impact, they often fused personal memories with media accounts and stories heard. We explored whether respondents with current health problems attributed them to the radiation exposure and found that those who had family members who were ill or developed cancer, were more likely to attribute these outcomes to the Chernobyl exposure. Conclusion: Exposure to Chernobyl during their formative years was a significant life event that affected their physical, reproductive and emotional health as adults for most respondents.