Abstract

Recurring disasters and life-threatening emergencies mandate that communities across the world be adequately prepared to prevent, respond, and recover from these events. Experiences throughout the world with mass casualty incidents and other disasters have increasingly highlighted the vital role that “active bystanders”—persons at the scene of an event who step forward to help—can play in preventing, containing, reporting, saving lives, decreasing morbidity, and increasing resilience. This paper seeks to emphasize the importance of the public in response to emergencies. No longer should we use the passive word “bystanders.” Rather immediate responders fill a critical silent gap before trained professionals arrive. In support of immediate responders this paper will identify the barriers to bystander action, and provide next steps to increase the number of individuals who take action at times of emergency. Immediate responders can and do play a valuable and unique role in reducing mortality, morbidity, and suffering from emergency events. While some cultures and countries have a long history of engaging the public as critical in an emergency response, others do not. The challenge is how best to increase the number of individuals who are motivated, prepared and ready to respond appropriately when they find themselves at the scene of an active shooter, bombing, hurricane, earthquake, tornado, fire, vehicle crash, or other life-threatening emergency.

Highlights

  • Consider the following scenario: A terrorist attack injures many hundreds of people in

  • Emergency agencies across the world should carefully consider the role of the public during mass casualty incidents (MCI)

  • Changing our terminology from “bystanders” to “immediate responders” supports what has been observed in response to multiple disasters across the world, may increase professional responders’ engagement of immediate responders, and recognizes the critical role immediate responders have in saving lives in the silent gap

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Consider the following scenario: A terrorist attack injures many hundreds of people in

EMERGENCY RESPONSE GAP FILLED BY THE PUBLIC
The Silent Response Gap
THE ISRAELI OPERATIONAL TIMETABLE FOR RESPONDING TO MCI
BYSTANDERS IN ISRAEL ARE THE FIRST PREVENTERS
TALE OF OUR CITIES
FACTS AND PRINCIPLES THAT SHOULD GUIDE OUR THINKING ABOUT IMMEDIATE RESPONDERS
OBSTACLES DECREASING THE PROPENSITY FOR THE PUBLIC TO TAKE ACTION
FLEE FROM OR RUN TO
Findings
LIMITATIONS
Full Text
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