Yields and Constituents of Essential Oil from Cones of Pinaceae spp. Natively Grown in Turkey

Ibrahim Tumen,Ayben Kilic,Harzemsah Hafizoglu,Markku Reunanen,Ilhami Emrah Dönmez,Huseyin Sivrikaya

doi:10.3390/molecules15085797

Ibrahim Tumen, Ayben Kilic + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085797

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Abstract

In this study, the yields and composition of essential oils obtained from the cones of Pinaceae family species natively grown in Turkey were investigated. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Oil yields were 0.13-0.48 mL/100 g in pine cones, 0.42-0.59 mL/100g in fir, 0.36 mL/100g in spruce and 0.37 mL/100g in cedar. While α-pinene (47.1-14.8%) was the main constituent of P. slyvestris, P. nigra and P. halepensis, limonene (62.8%) in P. pinea and β-pinene (39.6%) in P. brutia were found in higher amounts. Like in P. pinea, limonene was the main compound in Cedrus libani (22.7%). In fir species the major compounds were α-pinene (70.6-53.0%) and β-pinene (10.9-8.2%). Contrary to other species β-pinene (32.7%) was found as a major compound in Picea orientalis.

Highlights

Essential oils are used in many industrial fields for the perfuming and flavouring of various products [1,2]
As can be seen from these tables, the main compounds were as follows: α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, Δ3-carene, limonene and β-caryophyllene. α-Pinene was the major compound in the cones of Pinaceae family
This compound was found to account for more than 50% of the contents in the fir species too. α-Pinene was identified as a major compound in P. nigra (45.36%) and P. halepensis (47.09%)

Summary

Introduction

Essential oils are used in many industrial fields for the perfuming and flavouring of various products [1,2]. With growing interest in the use of essential oils in both the food and pharmaceutical industries, the systematic examination of plant extracts for these properties has become increasingly important. Fir species exhibit parallel variation in indumentum characteristics and in the presence or absence of resinous buds. These features are well correlated with their geographical distribution [13]. Fir species are represented in Turkey by Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach., Abies bornmulleriana Mattf., Abies equi-trojani A. nordmanniana, A. bornmulleriana, A. equi trojani are distributed in northern Turkey and A. cilicica (Ant. et Kotschy) Carr. Essential oil constituents of the cones of the family Pinaceae are poorly known, there have been some studies on the antioxidant activity, terpenoids, steroids, anti-HIV activity, procyanidins, etc. of all the Pinaceae cones [20,21,22]

Results and Discussion

Plant Material

Isolation of the Essential Oil

Essential Oil Analysis

Conclusions