Yield Losses Caused by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV Infection in Wheat and Barley: A Three-Year Field Study in South-Eastern Australia.

Narelle Nancarrow,Piotr Trębicki,Mohammad Aftab,Grant Hollaway,Brendan Rodoni

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030645

Narelle Nancarrow, Piotr Trębicki + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030645

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Abstract

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is transmitted by aphids and significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereals worldwide. Four experiments investigating the effects of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) infection on either wheat or barley were conducted over three years (2015, 2017, and 2018) under typical field conditions in South-Eastern Australia. Plants inoculated with BYDV-PAV using viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) were harvested at maturity then grain yield and yield components were measured. Compared to the non-inoculated control, virus infection severely reduced grain yield by up to 84% (1358 kg/ha) in wheat and 64% (1456 kg/ha) in barley. The yield component most affected by virus infection was grain number, which accounted for a large proportion of the yield loss. There were no significant differences between early (seedling stage) and later (early-tillering stage) infection for any of the parameters measured (plant height, biomass, yield, grain number, 1000-grain weight or grain size) for either wheat or barley. Additionally, this study provides an estimated yield loss value, or impact factor, of 0.91% (72 kg/ha) for each one percent increase in natural BYDV-PAV background infection. Yield losses varied considerably between experiments, demonstrating the important role of cultivar and environmental factors in BYDV epidemiology and highlighting the importance of conducting these experiments under varying conditions for specific cultivar–vector–virus combinations.

Highlights

Cereals, a staple food in many parts of the world, are continually threatened by abiotic and biotic factors
Ten barley yellow dwarf (BYDV), cereal yellow dwarf (CYDV), and maize yellow dwarf virus (MYDV) species are listed on the ICTV master species list: BYDVkerII, Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-kerIII, BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAS, and BYDV-PAV have been assigned to the Luteovirus genus; CYDV-RPS, CYDV-RPV, and MYDV-RMV have been assigned to the Polerovirus genus; and BYDV-GPV and BYDV-SGV have not been assigned to a genus [3]
Weather conditions varied between the 3 years of the study (Table 1), resulting in different rainfall, grain yield, green bridge, and background virus infection (Figure 1C) each year, and higher levels of BYDVPAV background infection were observed in non-inoculated control plots of wheat in 2017 (22–60%) compared to 2015 (4–19%) and 2018 (3–17%)

Summary

Introduction

A staple food in many parts of the world, are continually threatened by abiotic (e.g., temperature, water, and nutrition stress) and biotic (e.g., weeds, pests, and diseases) factors. It has been estimated that plant diseases cost the global economy approximately. Diseases caused by viruses result in significant economic losses worldwide through crop failure and yield and quality losses, as well as increased input costs associated with disease management and prevention [2]. Cereal, and maize yellow dwarf viruses (referred to collectively throughout this manuscript as YDVs) belong to the family Luteoviridae and are among the most widespread and important viruses affecting cereals worldwide. They commonly infect wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa), and other species belonging to the family. Ten barley yellow dwarf (BYDV), cereal yellow dwarf (CYDV), and maize yellow dwarf virus (MYDV) species are listed on the ICTV master species list: BYDVkerII, BYDV-kerIII, BYDV-MAV, BYDV-PAS, and BYDV-PAV have been assigned to the Luteovirus genus; CYDV-RPS, CYDV-RPV, and MYDV-RMV have been assigned to the Polerovirus genus; and BYDV-GPV and BYDV-SGV have not been assigned to a genus [3]

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