Yet efficient routing protocols for half- and full-duplex cognitive radio Ad-Hoc Networks over IoT environment

Abstract

For the sake of fulfilling the ever-increasing demands on the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, researchers are implementing Cognitive Radio (CR) technology in Ad-Hoc Networks (AHNs). Moreover, In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) technology in CRAHNs is gaining scholars’ interests recently. Hence, we are considering non-time-slotted IBFD-CRAHNs to clear up the reactivation failure and frequent hand-off problems confronting Primary Users (PUs) and Secondary Users (SUs), respectively, in Half-Duplex (HD) CRAHNs. We propose two HD-CRAHN routing protocols without a common control channel intended for practicality. This is accomplished by adopting multi- and unicast transmissions in the Route Request Packets (RRQPs) delivery. The first protocol is tested with data transmission in HD mode. However, the second routing protocol adopts a channel assignment technique proposed in the literature for FD communications; thus, we apply FD data transmission on it. Additionally, this paper offers an IBFD-based CRAHN routing protocol that broadcasts the RRQP over the channels that have SUs sensing them or even transmitting over them. This is possible because of two patents that allow wireless nodes to receive (transmit) in a sweeping manner while transmitting to (receiving from) another node. The three protocols' performance is studied and compared with the most pertinent and recent protocol named Probabilistic and Deterministic Path Selection (PDPS) using an exclusive simulator, built-in Java language, over the simulator used in PDPS experiments. As far as the throughput performance metric is concerned, our simulation results show noticeable and undeniable improvements over the PDPS protocol.