Abstract
Malassezia furfur is part of the human skin microbiota. Its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) possibly contribute to the characteristic odour in humans, as well as to microbiota interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate how the lipid composition of the liquid medium influences the production of VOCs. Growth was performed in four media: (1) mDixon, (2) oleic acid (OA), (3) oleic acid + palmitic acid (OA+PA), and (4) palmitic acid (PA). The profiles of the VOCs were characterized by HS-SPME/GC-MS in the exponential and stationary phases. A total number of 61 VOCs was found in M. furfur, among which alkanes, alcohols, ketones, and furanic compounds were the most abundant. Some compounds previously reported for Malassezia (γ-dodecalactone, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and hexan-1-ol) were also found. Through our experiments, using univariate and multivariate unsupervised (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) and supervised (Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA)) statistical techniques, we have proven that each tested growth medium stimulates the production of a different volatiles profile in M. furfur. Carbon dioxide, hexan-1-ol, pentyl acetate, isomer5 of methyldecane, dimethyl sulphide, undec-5-ene, isomer2 of methylundecane, isomer1 of methyldecane, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran were established as differentiating compounds among treatments by all the techniques. The significance of our findings deserves future research to investigate if certain volatile profiles could be related to the beneficial or pathogenic role of this yeast.
Highlights
All species in the genus Malassezia are lipid-dependent because of their inability to synthesize de novo C14 or C16 fatty acids (FAs) [1] due to the lack of a cytosolic fatty acid synthase complex (FAS) [2].In order to survive, Malassezia rely on lipids encountered in host skin that are subsequently metabolized by lipases and phospholipases [3]
The aim of this study is to investigate how the lipid composition of a liquid medium influences the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by M. furfur, the only Malassezia species known to survive in the palmitic acid (PA) medium
With the objective of analyzing exclusively VOCs released by the organism, the following criteria were established for the inclusion of a compound originating from the micro-organisms in the succeeding matrices: (1) the VOC was absent in any replicate of all medium control analyses; and (2) the VOC was found in more than one replicate of the yeast
Summary
All species in the genus Malassezia are lipid-dependent because of their inability to synthesize de novo C14 or C16 fatty acids (FAs) [1] due to the lack of a cytosolic fatty acid synthase complex (FAS) [2].In order to survive, Malassezia rely on lipids encountered in host skin that are subsequently metabolized by lipases and phospholipases [3]. Molecules 2019, 24, 419 fungal microbiota, accumulating at different body sites, especially behind the ears [5] and on the scalp [6] These organisms have been recognized as aetiological agents of pityriasis versicolor and might be related to other skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, atopic/eczema dermatitis syndrome, and psoriasis [7]. Malassezia and Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) [16] reside in areas with a high density of sebaceous glands, whereas Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium are mostly prevalent in areas with a high temperature and humidity [17] Any changes in these conditions may affect homeostasis and promote a pathogen or even a commensal, such as Malassezia, to cause disease
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