Abstract
We have investigated the optical properties of sol–gel thin films of tin dioxide (SnO 2) codoped with Er 3+–Yb 3+ as a function of Yb 3+ concentration. The Judd–Ofelt model has been applied to absorption intensities of Er 3+ (4f 11) transitions to establish the so-called Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters: Ω 2, Ω 4, Ω 6. Various spectroscopic parameters were obtained to evaluate their dependence and the potential of the samples as a laser material in the eye-safe laser wavelength (1.53 μm) as a function of Yb 3+ concentration. An amelioration of the quality factor Ω 4/ Ω 6 was found with Yb content. Both the IR photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the up-conversion emission, from Er 3+ ion in SnO 2, were found to increase with Yb concentration. We show that the Yb 3+ ion acts as sensitizer for Er 3+ ion and contributes largely to the improvement of the spectroscopic properties of SnO 2:Er. The mechanism of up-conversion emission is discussed and a model is proposed. The results showed that sol–gel SnO 2 is promising gain media for developing the solid-state 1.5 μm optical amplifiers and tunable up-conversion lasers.
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