Abstract
YAP and TAZ were initially described as the main regulators of organ growth during development and more recently implicated in bone biology. YAP and TAZ are regulated by mechanical and cytoskeletal cues that lead to the control of cell fate in response to the cellular microenvironment. The mechanical component represents a major signal for bone tissue adaptation and remodelling, so YAP/TAZ contributes significantly in bone and cartilage homeostasis. Recently, mice and cellular models have been developed to investigate the precise roles of YAP/TAZ in bone and cartilage cells, and which appear to be crucial. This review provides an overview of YAP/TAZ regulation and function, notably providing new insights into the role of YAP/TAZ in bone biology.
Highlights
YAP and TAZ were identified in mammals in 1995, and 2000, respectively (Sudol et al, 1995; Kanai et al, 2000)
These characteristics are tightly regulated by different soluble factors whose actions is finely coordinated spatially and temporally by bone cells
The major component of bone is the extracellular matrix that is composed principally by the collagen type I. This matrix was synthetised by osteoblasts that come from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells that expressed Prx1 (Figure 1A)
Summary
YAP (yes associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) were identified in mammals in 1995, and 2000, respectively (Sudol et al, 1995; Kanai et al, 2000). YAP/ TAZ are transcriptional cofactors considered important cellular mediators that define the cell fate, such as differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis. Because of this central role, YAP/TAZ regulate numerous physiological cellular processes and thereby act as major protagonists in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and represent a target in different pathological contexts. Bone and cartilage are two tissues regulated by mechanical cues because tissue adaptation and remodelling in response to loading are essential to maintain their integrity. YAP/TAZ signaling may represent a central mediator that maintains constant adaptation of bone and cartilage tissues in response to modification of the mechanical environment For this reason, numerous recent studies have aimed to improve our knowledge of YAP/TAZ regulation in bone and cartilage
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