Yak-Kong Soybean (Glycine max) Fermented by a Novel Pediococcus pentosaceus Inhibits the Oxidative Stress-Induced Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion

Ji Seung Kim,Jung Han Yoon Park,Charles C Lee,Ki Won Lee,Sasikumar Arunachalam Palaniyandi,Ji Woo You,Seung Hwan Yang,Hee Yang,Jong Hun Kim

doi:10.3390/nu11061380

Abstract

Yak-Kong (YK), a small black soybean (Glycine max) in Korea, contained higher concentrations of antioxidants than ordinary black soybean or yellow soybean in our previous study. We prepared the fermented YK extract by using a novel lactic acid bacterium, Pediococcus pentosaceus AOA2017 (AOA2017) isolated from Eleusine coracana, and found that the antioxidant ability was enhanced after fermentation. In order to investigate the cause of the enhanced antioxidant ability in the fermented YK extract, we conducted a phenolic composition analysis. The results show that proanthocyanidin decreased and phenolic acids increased with a statistical significance after fermentation. Among the phenolic acids, p-coumaric acid was newly produced at about 11.7 mg/100 g, which did not exist before the fermentation. Further, the fermented YK extract with increased p-coumaric acid significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced THP-1 monocyte–endothelial cell adhesion compared to the unfermented YK extract. The fermented YK extract also suppressed the protein expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Together with the previous studies, our results suggest that the extract of YK fermented by AOA2017 has potential to be a new functional food material with its enhanced bioactive compounds which may help to prevent atherosclerosis caused by oxidative stress.

Highlights

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the greatest risk factors of human death globally.They are mostly associated with the development of atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease often induced by oxidative stress [1,2,3]
We found that the YK embryo and YK seed coat both strongly attenuated the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells [8]
In this study, fermented YK extract was prepared using our novel Pediococcus pentosaceus AOA2017 (AOA2017), which was one of the most effective lactic acid bacteria for YK fermentation, and we investigated the preventive effect of fermented YK extract on LPS-induced monocyte–endothelial cell adhesion and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression, which mimics the early stage of atherosclerosis

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the greatest risk factors of human death globally. They are mostly associated with the development of atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease often induced by oxidative stress [1,2,3]. In the early stage of atherosclerosis, oxidative stress in endothelial cells can induce the expression of cellular adhesion molecules such as vascular cell. Various sources, including bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidized lipids, can stimulate oxidative stress in endothelial cells and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidant activity can be used as an indicator for selecting and developing a substance having a preventive effect on CVDs. Soybean (Glycine max) and its products, including fermented soybean sauces, are an integral part of the diet in eastern Asia. Many constituents of soybean, such as protein, soyasaponins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and polysaccharides, are well known for their health-promoting effects [5,6,7,8,9,10]

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