Y-Aromaticity: Why Is the Trimethylenemethane Dication More Stable than the Butadienyl Dication?

Abstract

[reactions: see text] Resonance energies of the trimethylenemethane dication (1) and the butadienyl dication (4) were evaluated using two independent computational methodologies to provide insight into the validity of Y-aromaticity. One methodology employed density functional theory calculations and examined the resonance contribution of the C=C double bond toward the double hydride abstraction enthalpies of methylpropene (6) and 2-butene (8), yielding 1 and 4, respectively. These resonance contributions by the double bond were determined by calculating the double hydride abstraction enthalpies of both the parallel and perpendicular conformations of vinylogues of 6 and 8, in which n = 1-4 vinyl units were inserted between the central carbon-carbon double bond and each of the reaction centers. Extrapolation of the resonance contribution in each vinylogue to n = 0 yielded the resonance contribution in the respective parent molecules. The second methodology employed an orbital deletion procedure (ODP), which effectively allowed us to examine the energies of individual resonance structures. The resonance energy of each dication is computed as the difference between the most stable resonance structure and that of the delocalized species. The two methodologies are in agreement, suggesting that the resonance energy of the trimethylenemethane dication is substantially greater than that of the butadienyl dication. The origin of this difference in resonance stabilization is discussed.