Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a major public health concern worldwide. Xylobiose (XB) consists of two molecules of d-xylose and is a major disaccharide in xylooligosaccharides that are used as prebiotics. We hypothesized that XB could regulate diabetes-related metabolic and genetic changes via microRNA expression in db/db mice. For six weeks, C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice received 5% XB as part of the total sucrose content of their diet. XB supplementation improved glucose tolerance with reduced levels of OGTT AUC, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Furthermore, XB supplementation decreased the levels of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C. The expression levels of miR-122a and miR-33a were higher and lower in the XB group, respectively. In the liver, expressions of the lipogenic genes, including, fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1C (SREBP-1C), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1), as well as oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase, were also regulated by XB supplementation. XB supplementation inhibited the mRNA expressions levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, as well as phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). These data demonstrate that XB exhibits anti-diabetic, hypolipogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects via regulation of the miR-122a/33a axis in db/db mice.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes, the most frequently occurring type, currently accounts for 85%–90% of all diabetes cases
XB supplementation did not affect body weight changes compared with the DB group
The levels of GOT and GPT were significantly higher in the DB group compared to the Ctrl group (p < 0.001), whereas the levels in the xylobiose at 5% (XB 5) supplementation group did not significantly differ from the DB group
Summary
Type 2 diabetes, the most frequently occurring type, currently accounts for 85%–90% of all diabetes cases. It is characterized as a metabolic disorder involving hyperglycemia and insulin resistance [1,2]. The prevalence of diabetes has dramatically increased over the past few decades. In 2010, its prevalence was 6.4%, and it is estimated to increase to 7.7% by 2030 [3]. Insulin resistance is the primary abnormality of individuals with diabetes. The increased metabolic demand imposed on the pancreatic β cells as a result of this resistance often leads to β cell failure [4,5]. It has been hypothesized that diabetes progresses due to a sedentary lifestyle and intake of a Western-style high-fat diet [6]
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have