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Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes have extensive applications in paper, food, and feed, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. These industries demand xylanases that are functional under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, acidic/alkaline pH, and others, which are prevailing in bioprocessing industries. Despite the availability of several xylan-hydrolyzing enzymes from cultured microbes, there is a huge gap between what is available and what industries require. DNA manipulations as well as protein-engineering techniques are also not quite satisfactory in generating xylan-hydrolyzing extremozymes. With a compound annual growth rate of 6.6% of xylan-hydrolyzing enzymes in the global market, there is a need for xylanolytic extremozymes. Therefore, metagenomic approaches have been employed to uncover hidden xylanolytic genes that were earlier inaccessible in culture-dependent approaches. Appreciable success has been achieved in retrieving several unusual xylanolytic enzymes with novel and desirable characteristics from different extreme environments using functional and sequence-based metagenomic approaches. Moreover, the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes database includes approximately 400 GH-10 and GH-11 unclassified xylanases. This review discusses sources, characteristics, and applications of xylanolytic enzymes obtained through metagenomic approaches and their amelioration by genetic engineering techniques.
Highlights
Extensive biotechnological applications of xylanolytic extremozymes have raised interest as well as their demand in several industrial processes
This review summarizes various facets of metagenomic xylanolytic extremozymes, such as their characteristics, comparison with the available xylan-degrading enzymes, improvement by genetic/protein engineering, and potential applications
The supremacy of GH-10 xylanases clearly indicates their broad substrate specificity as compared to the GH-11 members that are quite selective in their substrate range
Summary
Extensive biotechnological applications of xylanolytic extremozymes have raised interest as well as their demand in several industrial processes. The success rate of functional screening of libraries is significantly higher than the sequence-based approaches in obtaining more positive clones as the latter provides usual partial sequences (Lorenz and Eck, 2005; Berini et al, 2017) Several such metagenomic libraries have been constructed in plasmids (Verma et al, 2013b), cosmids (Mo et al, 2010; Chang et al, 2011; Bao et al, 2012), and fosmids (Jeong et al, 2012; Knapik et al, 2019) for retrieving genes that encode xylan-degrading enzymes (Wang et al, 2015; Kim et al, 2018; Thornbury et al, 2019). Library Production kit Arctic mid-ocean ridge vent AMOR_GH10A Metagenomic data set
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