Abstract
The reduction of graphite in propylene carbonate (PC) based electrolytes is a complex process involving solvated lithium–graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), Li + ( PC ) y C n - . XRD performed in situ to cyclic voltammetry allows to monitor the intercalation/de-intercalation of PC-solvated lithium into/from a crystalline graphite electrode, which is associated with up to 374% expansion of the basal plane spacing in c-direction of the graphite structure. The XRD data further allows to estimate the structure and stoichiometry of the ternary GIC: Li + ( PC ) y C n - , with y ⩾ 4, indicating a 3-dimensional, tetrahedral solvate shell. The stability of ternary GICs vs. reduction is addressed in view of graphite exfoliation and electrode failure.
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