Abstract

Abstract The arguments behind the use of the term `chemical Shift' in X-ray photoelectron (ESCA) spectroscopy are explored. The factors that relate to initial state (chemical) vs final state (relaxation) contributions are described along with relationships to applied cases, with a particular emphasis on oxides. It is demonstrated that some major classes of oxides, such as silicates, are excellent examples of systems for which the measured binding energy shifts are directly related to differences in initial state chemistry.

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