Xenosteroids in aquaculture with special consideration to Lake Manzala (Northern delta lake, Egypt): Types, sources and mechanism of action

Abstract

Egyptian aquaculture production has dramatically increased in recent years and is anticipated to represent a yield of 1.8MMT in 2018. Increased demand for fish production has led to a higher intensification of aquaculture to face these challenges. However, the current aquaculture practices and restricted governmental legislation can prompt raised concerns about aquaculture pollution. The current review summarizes our knowledge concerning general Egyptian aquaculture, legislation and practices that can lead to persistent pollutant exposure in farmed finfish. Xenosteroids are critical pollutants influencing fish health, as detailed in this review, and are considered significant health hazards not only to cultured fish but also to human wellbeing, raising a public health concern. Additional research studies are warranted to better understand their public health concerns and develop strategic plans and policies to prevent these impacts and maintain fish welfare and aquaculture sustainability.