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Abstract
Xenobiotics are compounds of synthetic origin, usually used for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes; in the environment, they are present in micropollutant concentrations and high concentrations (using ng/L to µg/L units). Xenobiotics can be categorized according to different criteria, including their nature, uses, physical state, and pathophysiological effects. Their impacts on humans and the environment are non-negligible. Prolonged exposure to even low concentrations may have toxic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects. Wastewater treatment plants that are ineffective at minimizing the release of xenobiotic compounds are one of the main sources of xenobiotics in the environment (e.g., xenobiotic compounds reach the environment, affecting both humans and animals). In order to minimize the negative impacts, various laws and regulations have been adopted in the EU and across the globe, with an emphasis on xenobiotics removal from the environment, in a way that is economically, environmentally, and socially acceptable, and will not result in their accumulation, or creation of compounds that are more harmful. Detection methods allow detecting even small concentrations of xenobiotics in samples, but the problem is the diversity and mix of compounds present in the environment, in which it is not known what their effects are). In this review, the division of xenobiotics and their detection methods will be presented.
Highlights
Xenobiotics are compounds of synthetic origin, usually used for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes; in the environment, they are present in micropollutant concentrations and high concentrations
Technological progress in the 20th century has led to the development of many compounds used to improve daily life that do not necessarily occur naturally in the environment or whose naturally occurring concentrations are significantly different from those caused by anthropogenic activity
Xenobiotics are difficult to degrade because of their complex structures, as seen in Figure 2 [24]; they can accumulate in living organisms
Summary
Urbanization, population growth, industrialization, and globalization are affecting our lives in both positive and negative ways, but they are definitely bringing about change [1]. Technological progress, longer life, better access to medicine (for humans and animals), as well as daily use of personal care products and/or pesticides, introduce new substances into the environment [3,4] These substances can cause problems and should be studied in detail, including their short- and long-term effects on humans, animals, and the ecosystem (air, water, and soil), either as single substances or as a mixture of them. Water Framework Directive and other substances of interest.“ In that report, information about analyzing these substances by effect-based methods (biomarkers and bioassays), with emphasis on mixtures of substances and their potential interactions in the aquatic environment, are given They group priority substances into 17 groups and watch list substances into 8 groups. 80% of the target compounds (125 substances) were found in different concentrations (from nanograms to milligram per liter)
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