Abstract
A new xanthene derivative penicnthene (1), a new citrinin derivative penicitrinone H (2), along with three known analogues were isolated from rice solid culture media of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. T2-11 through the application of one strain many compounds (OSMAC) strategy. Their structures and stereochemistry were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis aided by TDDFT-ECD calculations. Penicnthene (1) represented the first xanthene featuring a 3-hydroxy-2-butyl chain functionality. Compounds 1–3 were assessed for their DPPH radical scavenging, antimicrobial, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities. Both 1 and 2 exhibited radical scavenging activities against DPPH with potency comparable to the positive control trolox. Compound 1 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Bacillius subtilis with MIC value of 4.0 μg/mL. 2 also displayed potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A putative biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1–6 were proposed.
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