Abstract
XANES spectroscopy, which uses synchrotron radiation as a probe, offers substantial information about the local structure of biological samples, encompassing those without long range order such as Pt anticancer molecules, and nanometre scale or amorphous particles of calcium phosphate. Its subcellular spatial resolution, as well as its capacity to operate at room temperatures and pressures represent major advantages for medical research. Moreover, paraffin embedded biopsy samples can be analysed without any further preparation, Key publications which illustrate these capacities are presented.
Highlights
During the past decades, the increasing availability of synchrotron radiation facilities such as synchrotron SOLEIL have allowed the physician to develop a completely new set of characterization techniques
The first case study [147,148] relates to the incorporation of drugs in calcium silicate hydrate and is based on X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) collected at the C K-edge (Figure 12)
These considerations are exemplified by a comparison of XANES spectroscopy, Energy Loss Near Edge Structure (ELNES) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), which are all able to define the atomic environment around a probed atom, yielding valuable chemical, structural, and co-ordination information
Summary
The increasing availability of synchrotron radiation facilities such as synchrotron SOLEIL (the French national facility) have allowed the physician to develop a completely new set of characterization techniques. The present paper will show how XANES spectroscopy represents an exceptional tool to investigate local structure in samples encompassing those without long range order such as molecular [20,21,22,23,24,25,26] and nanometer scale clusters [27,28,29,30,31,32], or amorphous compounds [33,34,35] Such micrometer scale structural information allows significant correlation with the anatomical structures and with normal or pathological biological functions. To this end, we will present key elements of the theory, the data analysis procedure, two experimental set ups available on the synchrotron SOLEIL (the DiffAbs and LUCIA (Line for Ultimate Characterisation by Imaging and Absorption) beamlines), and selected case studies which exemplify the various opportunities offered by XANES spectroscopy in medicine. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of XANES spectroscopy relative to other techniques, namely Energy Loss Near Edge Structure (ELNES) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) which have yielded useful biomedical information [46,47,48,49,50,51,52]
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