Abstract
Core-level XPS spectra of single crystalline LiNbO 3:Er,Yb (0.4 at% each) are reported for the first time. They were acquired in the Al K α monochromatized mode with use of an electron flood gun. In the stable conditions of surface charge neutralization the Nb 3d spectrum indicated a pure +5 valence of Nb without any contribution of lower valences. Despite low concentration of Er and Yb (almost at the XPS detectability limit), their 4d core-level spectra were recorded in a prolonged acquisition time. They were found indicative of the +3 valence state of both dopants.
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