Abstract
IntroductionThere is a growing interest on vital roles of micronutrients in the maintenance of good health and enhancement of the immune system for prevention of diseases.MethodsEnergy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of selected micronutrients Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) in ten African indigenous leafy vegetables (AILVs) (Corchorus olitorius, Cucurbita moschata, Amaranthus blitum, Brassica carinata , Cleome gynandra, Solanum scabrum , Crotalaria ochroleuca, Urticadioica, Manihot esculenta, Vigna unguiculata) which are cultivated, marketed and consumed in Kenya and across East and West Africa.ResultsIn this study, the highest levels of Calcium, Zinc and Iron were found in Urticadioica leaves (75.0 mg/g), Manihot esculenta leaves (0.1 mg/g) and Cucurbita moschata leaves (1.0 mg/g). Amaranthus blitum leaves exhibited the highest content of Magnesium (9.5 mg/g) and Potassium (36.5 mg/g) respectively. This study demonstrated that based on weight and bioavailabilty, 10 g of Cucurbita moschata (dried weight) provides between 57% to 136% daily value of iron for children age between 7 and 10 years old and can provide up to 41%, 81% and 27% daily value of iron for female aged 18+, lactating females aged 18+ and males aged 18+ respectively. A 10 g portion of Urticadioica leaves (dried weight) will provide 75% or 58% of the daily value of calcium based on the North American or western European recommendation respectively while the same amount of Amaranthus leaves provides between 37% to 50 % of daily value of magnesium for adults of nineteen years and older based on their weight. The daily value of zinc despite its dependency with age, weight and Zinc bioavailability can be supplied by 10 g of Manihot esculenta leaves (dried weight) at a percentage ranged from 8% to 39%. Based on the 3510 mg daily recommendation, 10 g of Amaranthus, Brassica carinata, Cleome gynandra and Cucurbita moschata (dried weight) will provide 10.4%, 10.0%, 9.8% and 9.3% daily value for potassium respectively.ConclusionThe research findings are scientific evidences of the nutritional contribution of African indigenous leafy vegetables.
Highlights
African indigenous leafy vegetables (AILVs) are part of the African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) whose natural habitat originated in Africa [1,2,3] as opposed to the traditional African leafy vegetables that were introduced over a century ago and due to long use, have become part of the food culture in the continent
This paper presents the detection and quantification of selected micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K) in ten African indigenous leafy vegetables (Corchorus olitorius, Cucurbita moschata, Amaranthus blitum, Brassica carinata, Cleome gynandra, Solanum scabrum, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Urticadioica, Manihot esculenta, Vigna unguiculata) cultivated, marketed and consumed in Kenya and across East and Central Africa [3,7,11] using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer
Amaranthus blitum has the highest content of potassium and magnesium
Summary
African indigenous leafy vegetables (AILVs) are part of the African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) whose natural habitat originated in Africa [1,2,3] as opposed to the traditional African leafy vegetables that were introduced over a century ago and due to long use, have become part of the food culture in the continent. These products are often high in fat, sugar and salt and signal a shift away from traditional diets [10] These changes have affected the consumption of African indigenous leafy vegetables as they are stigmatized and often associated with poor rural lifestyles and low status. This paper presents the detection and quantification of selected micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K) in ten African indigenous leafy vegetables (Corchorus olitorius, Cucurbita moschata, Amaranthus blitum, Brassica carinata, Cleome gynandra, Solanum scabrum, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Urticadioica, Manihot esculenta, Vigna unguiculata) cultivated, marketed and consumed in Kenya and across East and Central Africa [3,7,11] using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer
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