X-Band Radar System to Detect Bathymetric Changes at River Mouths during Storm Surges: A Case Study of the Arno River

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Storm surges are natural events that influence the dispersion of sediment along coasts, leading to sudden morphological changes in the seabed. From this perspective, we focused our study on the analysis of measurements from a mobile X-band radar system to survey the sea state and the changes in the seabed depth during storm surges. This analysis was supported by additional information from Sentinel 2 satellite images, the Gorgona wave buoy, the San Giovanni alla Vena hydrometric station, and an echosounder survey. The survey period was from 26 to 28 February and 3 March 2020. During these days, the simultaneous occurrence of a storm surge and flooding of the Arno River was monitored. The analysis of the marine X-band radar mobile images determined the formation and dismantling of seabed shapes. An elongated shoal and a bar-like shape are visible on the right side of the Arno River in the radar image of 26 February and at the Arno mouth on that of 28 February, respectively. The radar image of 3 March shows, near the mouth of the Arno, a delta shape probably due to the deposition of sediment favoured by the interaction between the river flow and storm waves. X-band coastal radar is a detection system that improves the effectiveness and reliability of coastal monitoring because it has a high temporal and spatial resolution. It can be considered a valuable warning system to monitor the sea-bed depth changes in strategic sites, such as harbour areas, during sea storms. Moreover, this system, together with a satellite observing system, is a valid tool for shedding light on the environmental drivers that reshape coastal areas.