WWOX regulates UV/cold shock‐mediated calcium influx and nuclear bubbling in frostbite

Abstract

UV/cold shock‐mediated frostbite involves non‐apoptotic nuclear bubbling cell death (BCD) and participation of functional WWOX in cells (WWOXf). In contrast, cells with WWOX deficiency or dysfunction (WWOXd) undergo pop‐out explosion death (POD). Here, by time‐lapse microscopy, when WWOXf cells were exposed to UV or UV/cold shock and then incubated at room temperature, these cells rapidly and sequentially underwent: 1) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, 2) formation of a nitric oxide (NO)‐containing nuclear bubble per cell, 3) WWOX‐dependent increase in calcium (Ca2+) influx, 4) shutdown of mRNA and protein synthesis machinery, as determined by RT/PCR and gene chip analysis, and 5) eventual cell death without caspase activation, stress fiber formation and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. In contrast, WWOXd cells exhibited a faster kinetics of stress fiber formation, explosion and death without NO production. Ectopic WWOX restored calcium influx and nuclear bubbling in WWOXd cells. In hairless mice, UV/cold shock rapidly downregulated protein expression in the skin and then liver, which may lead to organ damages. UV/cold shock induced complex formation of antiapoptotic TRAF2 and proapoptotic WWOX and their co‐translocation to the nucleus, where the complex dissociation occurred. The observations suggest that WWOX and TRAF2 dissociation is needed for nuclear bubbling and death.