WWOX Loses the Ability to Regulate Oncogenic AP-2γ and Synergizes with Tumor Suppressor AP-2α in High-Grade Bladder Cancer.

Abstract

Simple SummaryA prognostic factor of bladder cancer which can benefit from research on molecular markers is the histologic grade. WWOX, AP-2α and AP-2γ are known to have a grade-dependent effect but have not been investigated in that aspect in bladder cancer. Depending on the specific collaboration, their role was found to promote or inhibit grade 2 bladder cancer. As further research is needed on higher grades, the aim of the present study was to examine the functionality of WWOX and two AP-2 factors in grade 3 and grade 4 bladder cancer. It was found that WWOX, AP-2α and their combination mainly demonstrated anti-cancer properties; in contrast, AP-2γ promoted cancer development, which was not inhibited by WWOX in their combined variant. Next-generation sequencing was performed to identify the genes worth investigating as biomarkers. To conclude, WWOX and AP-2α demonstrate tumor suppressor synergism in high-grade bladder cancer, similar to intermediate grade. However, WWOX does not appear to guide oncogenic AP-2γ, which was the case in the lower grade. The cause of such a change in molecule superiority, as well as proposed bladder cancer-related genes, should be further investigated.The cytogenic locus of the WWOX gene overlaps with the second most active fragile site, FRA16D, which is present at a higher frequency in bladder cancer (BLCA) patients with smoking habit, a known risk factor of this tumor. Recently, we demonstrated the relevance of the role of WWOX in grade 2 BLCA in collaboration with two AP-2 transcription factors whose molecular actions supported or opposed pro-cancerous events, suggesting a distinct character. As further research is needed on higher grades, the aim of the present study was to examine WWOX-AP-2 functionality in grade 3 and 4 BLCA using equivalent in vitro methodology with additional transcriptome profiling of cellular variants. WWOX and AP-2α demonstrated similar anti-cancer functionality in most biological processes with subtle differences in MMP-2/9 regulation; this contradicted that of AP-2γ, whose actions potentiated cancer progression. Simultaneous overexpression of WWOX and AP-2α/AP-2γ revealed that single discrepancies appear in WWOX-AP-2α collaboration but only at the highest BLCA grade; WWOX-AP-2α collaboration was considered anti-cancer. However, WWOX only appeared to have residual activity against oncogenic AP-2γ in grade 3 and 4: variants with either AP-2γ overexpression alone or combined WWOX and AP-2γ overexpression demonstrated similar pro-tumoral behavior. Transcriptome profiling with further gene ontology certified biological processes investigated in vitro and indicated groups of genes consisting of AP-2 targets and molecules worth investigation as biomarkers. In conclusion, tumor suppressor synergism between WWOX and AP-2α is unimpaired in high-grade BLCA compared to intermediate grade, yet the ability of WWOX to guide oncogenic AP-2γ is almost completely lost.