Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive painless technique to stimulate the human brain. This presentation will introduce basic physiological principles of how TMS excites human motor cortex. In addition, the following single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS measures of corticospinal and motor cortical excitability will be presented and discussed with respect to underpinning physiological mechanisms: motor threshold, motor evoked potential recruitment curve, cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, long- interval intracortical inhibition, short-interval intracortical facilitation, short-latency afferent inhibition. Pharmacological evidence will be summarized to explain the physiology of these measures. In addition, clinical utility will be exemplarily discussed by demonstrating abnormal TMS measures of corticospinal and motor cortical excitability in patients with epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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