Writing Parameters for 3D Refractive Index Structures in Polymethyl Methacrylate Using Femtosecond Radiation at 400 nm

Abstract

Sub-surface modification by a femtosecond laser, producing pulses of 100fs duration at 400nm wavelength for fabrication of optical components is investigated, within sub-millimetre thick sheets of undoped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). For effective structuring, the influence of laser writing parameters and focusing conditions were studied to optimise the pulse energy, pulses spacing and focusing depth in the material. Permanent sub-surface refractive index structures with a minimum feature size (similar to 3 mu m) at a depth of similar to 500 mu m demonstrated the feasibility of writing flexible 3-D microstructures within a thin PMMA substrate. This investigation of focusing depth location in PMMA bulk material enabled photonic structures at the desired spatial resolution to be written within the core of single mode polymer optical fibre under controlled laser writing conditions. A long period fibre grating (LPG) consisting of a 2.8 mu m wide refractive index structure with a periodicity of 250 mu m and containing a series of attenuation bands in visible range, demonstrated a photonic structure written into a single mode polymer optical fibre.