Wound Ballistics and the Scientific Background

Abstract

Introduction. Physical Basics of Wound Ballistics. Preliminary Remarks. Frames of Reference and Systems of Units, Notation. Mechanics. Kinematics. Mass, linear momentum, force. Work and energy. Circular motion. The laws of conservation. Equations of motion. Fluid Dynamics. General. Thermodynamic principles. Material properties. Inviscid flows. Viscid flows. Jets. Measurement Techniques. General. Dynamic processes. Physical quantities. Measurement technique to detect the development of rapidly changing pressures. Historical Background and International Treaties. The Development of Small Arms. General. The development of ammunition. The development of small arms. The twentieth century. International treaties. Early Developments in Wound Ballistics. Ammunition and Arms, Ballistics. General. Ammunition. The different parts of a cartridge. Ammunition. Recent developments of ammunition. Firearms. Composition and classification of firearms. Hand guns. Rifles. Ballistics. General. Interior ballistics. Processes at the muzzle. Exterior ballistics. Stability and tractability. General Wound Ballistics. General. Preliminary remarks. What does a human being die of after being hit? Possible causes of death. Definition of various energy quantities, their derivation and relationship. Processes in the Shooting Channel (Especially the Temporary Cavity). General. Behaviour of projectiles in a dense medium. Phenomenology of the temporary cavity. Quantitative description of the temporary cavity. Instability of a projectile in a dense medium and the consequences on the temporary cavity. Sectional density influence on the shape of the temporary cavity. The behaviour of different projectiles designs in a target medium. On the sterility of projectiles. Tissue Simulants. General. Gelatine. Soap. Comparison: soap-gelatine. Tissue simulant for bones. Other Simulation Methods. Corpses. Experiments on animals. Mathematical models, computer models. Cell cultures. Wound Ballistics of Handgun Ammunition. Penetration Depth and Perforation Capacity of Projectiles in Gelatine, Soap, Muscle Tissue and Bones. General theory. Penetration depth in gelatine, soap and muscle tissue. Penetration capacity in bones. Threshold velocities of the eye. On the Effectiveness of Projectiles. General. Criteria of effectiveness. Measured values for energy release of projectiles in gelatine. Is it possible to establish a general criterion of the effect? Special Projectiles. General. Non-penetrating projectiles. Projectiles with Extraordinary ballistics qualities. Fluid jets and gas jets as projectiles. Wound Ballistics of Rifle Ammunition. General. Remote Effects. General. Shock waves. Pressure waves in blood vessels. Bone fractures in the vicinity of the shooting channel. Debridement. General. The relationship between the size of the temporary cavity and the amount of devitalized tissue. Determination of the Effectiveness of Rifle Bullets and Fragments - Casualty Criterion. General. Casualty criterion. Bases for the Formulation of Future International Treaties. Disadvantages in the wording of existing treaties. Methods of judgement independent of the type of projectile. Possibilities of standardization. Tables. Index of Tables Previously Presented in this Book. Conversion Tables. Lengths. Velocity. Mass units. Force. Pressure. Energy and work. Temperature. Material Properties. Fluids and fluidal substances. Solid substances. Caliber Designations. Caliber designation metric units. Caliber designation US units. Ballistics Data of Ammunition. Ballistics data metric units. Ballistics data US units. Projectile Designations. Projectile shape. Projectile material. Projectile construction. Geometrical Data of Some Particular Projectiles. Military projectiles. Additional projectiles. Twists Lengths, Twist Angles and Number of Revolutions.Pistols and revolvers. Rifles. Firing Tables. Pistols and revolvers. Rifles. Signal and illumination ammunition. Shotgun Calibers and Shot Pellets. Calibers of shot barrels. Ballistics properties of shot pellets. Designation of buck shot sizes. Designation of normal shot sizes (Anglo-American system). Designation of normal shot sizes (metric system). Glossary. English-German-French. German-English-French. French-German-English. Literature. Bibliography. References. Illustration References. Index.