Worst case optimization for interfractional motion mitigation in carbon ion therapy of pancreatic cancer.

Florian Sterzing,Patrick Naumann,Uwe Oelfke,Matthias F. Haefner,Silke Ulrich,Julian Steitz,Mark Bangert

doi:10.1186/s13014-016-0705-8

Abstract

IntroductionThe efficacy of radiation therapy treatments for pancreatic cancer is compromised by abdominal motion which limits the spatial accuracy for dose delivery - especially for particles. In this work we investigate the potential of worst case optimization for interfractional offline motion mitigation in carbon ion treatments of pancreatic cancer.MethodsWe implement a worst case optimization algorithm that explicitly models the relative biological effectiveness of carbon ions during inverse planning. We perform a comparative treatment planning study for seven pancreatic cancer patients. Treatment plans that have been generated using worst case optimization are compared against (1) conventional intensity-modulated carbon ion therapy, (2) single field uniform dose carbon ion therapy, and (3) an ideal yet impractical scenario relying on daily re-planning. The dosimetric quality and robustness of the resulting treatment plans is evaluated using reconstructions of the daily delivered dose distributions on fractional control CTs.ResultsIdealized daily re-planning consistently gives the best dosimetric results with regard to both target coverage and organ at risk sparing. The absolute reduction of D 95 within the gross tumor volume during fractional dose reconstruction is most pronounced for conventional intensity-modulated carbon ion therapy. Single field uniform dose optimization exhibits no substantial reduction for six of seven patients and values for D 95 for worst case optimization fall in between. The treated volume (D>95 % prescription dose) outside of the gross tumor volume is reduced by a factor of two by worst case optimization compared to conventional optimization and single field uniform dose optimization. Single field uniform dose optimization comes at an increased radiation exposure of normal tissues, e.g. ≈2 Gy (RBE) in the mean dose in the kidneys compared to conventional and worst case optimization and ≈4 Gy (RBE) in D 1 in the spinal cord compared to worst case optimization.ConclusionInterfractional motion substantially deteriorates dose distributions for carbon ion treatments of pancreatic cancer patients. Single field uniform dose optimization mitigates the negative influence of motion on target coverage at an increased radiation exposure of normal tissue. Worst case optimization enables an exploration of the trade-off between robust target coverage and organ at risk sparing during inverse treatment planning beyond margin concepts.

Highlights

The efficacy of radiation therapy treatments for pancreatic cancer is compromised by abdominal motion which limits the spatial accuracy for dose delivery - especially for particles
For Single field uniform dose (SFUD), we observe a moderate increase in Homogeneity index (HI); values for worst case optimization usually fall between conventional Intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT) and SFUD
While the cold spots within the gross tumor volume (GTV) occur at the edges for worst case and SFUD optimization, we see cold spots appearing in the middle of the GTV for conventional IMPT optimization

Summary

Introduction

The efficacy of radiation therapy treatments for pancreatic cancer is compromised by abdominal motion which limits the spatial accuracy for dose delivery - especially for particles. The standard of care in pancreatic cancer is surgical resection of the primary tumor This approach, is often impossible due to vessel involvement making definitive or neoadjuvant therapies indispensable to achieve tumor control or tumor shrinkage before a potential resection. Even though the development of intensity-modulated radiation therapy provided considerable improvements regarding dose conformity and enabled the application of integrated boost concepts, further dose escalation is desired to enhance efficacy. First studies in this regard with carbon ion therapy [4], that might exhibit a benefit in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) [5], showed promising clinical results [6]

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