Worse Urinary, Sexual and Bowel Function Cause Emotional Distress and Vice Versa in Men Treated for Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Definitive therapy for prostate cancer (eg surgery or radiotherapy) often has side effects, including urinary, sexual and bowel dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to test whether urinary, sexual and bowel functions contribute to emotional distress during the first 2 years after treatment and whether distress may in turn decrease function. The study participants were 1,148 men diagnosed with clinically localized disease who were treated with surgery (63%) or radiotherapy (37%). Urinary, sexual and bowel functions were assessed withEPIC (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite). Emotional distress wasassessed with the NCCN® (National Comprehensive Cancer Network®) Distress Thermometer. Assessment time points were before treatment, and 6weeks, and 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment. We used time lagged multilevel models to test whether physical function predicted emotional distress and viceversa. Men with worse urinary, bowel and sexual functions reported more emotional distress than others at subsequent time points. The relationships were bidirectional. Men who reported worse distress also reported worse urinary, bowel and sexual functions at subsequent time points. Clinicians supported by practice and payer policies should screen for and facilitate the treatment of side effects and heightened emotional distress to improve well-being in survivors of prostate cancer. These interventions may be cost-effective, given that emotional distress can negatively impact functioning across life domains.