Abstract
Recent studies and measurements have shown that the phase stability of the signals in the VLF region is very much higher than in the HF spectrum. This fact, along with its excellent coverage characteristics, has caused considerable interest in employing this .medium for the wide distribution of standard frequencies and time reference. Basic limitations in stability of the received signals are discussed, including path phase distortion, carrier-tonoise and envelope delay variations as related to precise synchronization of clocks, and highly accurate frequency calibrations. Also included is a discussion of the present services of standard frequency and time signal stations throughout the world at HF, LF, and VLF.
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