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Abstract
BackgroundIn addition to the aging process, risk factors for hearing loss in adults include, among others, exposure to noise, use of ototoxic drugs, genetics, and limited access to medical care. Differences in exposure to these factors are bound to be reflected in the prevalence of hearing loss. Assessment of hearing loss can easily be carried out on a large scale and at low cost using mobile apps.ObjectiveThis study aimed to conduct a worldwide assessment of the differences in hearing loss prevalence between countries in a group of mobile device users.MethodsHearing tests were conducted using the open-access Android-based mobile app Hearing Test. The app is available free of charge in the Google Play store, provided that consent to the use of the results for scientific purposes is given. This study included hearing tests carried out on device models supported by the app with bundled headphones in the set. Calibration factors for supported models were determined using the biological method. The tests consisted of self-determining the quietest audible tone in the frequency range from 250 Hz to 8 kHz by adjusting its intensity using the buttons. The ambient noise level was optionally monitored using a built-in microphone. Following the test, the user could compare his hearing threshold against age norms by providing his or her age. The user's location was identified based on the phone’s IP address.ResultsFrom November 23, 2016 to November 22, 2019, 733,716 hearing tests were conducted on 236,716 mobile devices across 212 countries. After rejecting the tests that were incomplete, performed with disconnected headphones, not meeting the time criterion, repeated by the same user, or carried out regularly on one device, 116,733 of 733,716 tests (15.9%) were qualified for further analysis. The prevalence of hearing loss, defined as the average threshold at frequencies 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz above 25 dB HL in the better ear, was calculated at 15.6% (95% CI 15.4-15.8). Statistically significant differences were found between countries (P<.001), with the highest prevalences for Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India (>28%) and the lowest prevalences for Taiwan, Finland, and South Korea (<11%).ConclusionsHearing thresholds measured by means of mobile devices were congruent with the literature data on worldwide hearing loss prevalence. Uniform recruitment criteria simplify the comparison of the hearing loss prevalence across countries. Hearing testing on mobile devices may be a valid tool in epidemiological studies carried out on a large scale.
Highlights
The worldwide prevalence of hearing loss is estimated to be between 4.0% and 18.1% [1,2,3,4,5], depending on the methodology, in particular the degree of hearing impairment used in the definition of hearing loss
In view of increasing exposure to risk factors for hearing loss, in particular the aging population and increased exposure to noise in developing countries, the number of people with hearing loss has increased over the years [4,5,12]
This paper presents the prevalence of hearing loss worldwide based on the 116,733 hearing tests conducted by Android users on mobile devices
Summary
The worldwide prevalence of hearing loss is estimated to be between 4.0% and 18.1% [1,2,3,4,5], depending on the methodology, in particular the degree of hearing impairment used in the definition of hearing loss. Apart from age, risk factors for hearing loss in adults include, but are not limited to, exposure to noise, use of ototoxic drugs, genetic conditions, infectious diseases, and limited access to medical care [5,8,9,10,11,12]. In addition to the aging process, risk factors for hearing loss in adults include, among others, exposure to noise, use of ototoxic drugs, genetics, and limited access to medical care. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a worldwide assessment of the differences in hearing loss prevalence between countries in a group of mobile device users. Conclusions: Hearing thresholds measured by means of mobile devices were congruent with the literature data on worldwide hearing loss prevalence. Hearing testing on mobile devices may be a valid tool in epidemiological studies carried out on a large scale
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