Abstract

The bacteriology of the intestine has a relatively short history. It started with the observations of smudges by Leuwenhoek in the 19th century and now into the recent magnitude of the vast realm of the microbiota. The microbiota consists of at least as many cells as in the body with hundreds of species. In the initial history, Pasteur identified disease with organisms, but the era of Koch identified details of infection. Koch’s work became the leadership philosophy as evidenced by his work in tuberculosis. This led to the era of realization that anaerobic organisms predominated in the intestine. We now appreciate that anaerobes predominate in humans.

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