Abstract
The Ranging Mode (R-Mode), a maritime terrestrial navigation system under development, is a promising approach to increase the resilient provision of position, navigation and timing (PNT) information for bridge instruments, which rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The R-Mode utilizes existing maritime radio infrastructure such as marine radio beacons, which support maritime traffic with more reliable and accurate PNT data in areas with challenging conditions. This paper analyzes the potential service, which the R-Mode could provide to the mariner if worldwide radio beacons were upgraded to broadcast R-Mode signals. The authors assumed for this study that the R-Mode is available in the service area of the 357 operational radio beacons. The comparison with the maritime traffic, which was generated from a one-day worldwide Automatic Identification System (AIS) Class A dataset, showed that on average, 67% of ships would operate in a global R-Mode service area, 40% of ships would see at least three and 25% of ships would see at least four radio beacons at a time. This means that R-Mode would support 25% to 40% of all ships with position and 67% of all ships with PNT integrity information. The relatively high number of supported ships compared to the total radio beacon coverage of about 9% of the earth’s surface is caused by the good coverage of busy ports and areas such as the coast of China, North Sea and Baltic Sea. These numbers emphasize the importance of marine radio beacons for the R-Mode system.
Highlights
Maritime traffic today is, with respect to navigation, tightly coupled on one or several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
The Ranging Mode (R-Mode), a maritime terrestrial navigation system under development, is a promising approach to increase the resilient provision of position, navigation and timing (PNT) information for bridge instruments, which rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
The comparison with the maritime traffic, which was generated from a one-day worldwide Automatic Identification System (AIS) Class A dataset, showed that on average, 67% of ships would operate in a global R-Mode service area, 40% of ships would see at least three and 25% of ships would see at least four radio beacons at a time
Summary
With respect to navigation, tightly coupled on one or several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Transmitter sites considered so far are marine radio beacons [6,9] and base stations of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) [6,7,10] or the Very high frequency Data Exchange System (VDES) [11]. These systems share the common factor that they are well distributed along the shore of waters with high traffic density and/or challenging navigation conditions. This paper focuses on the potential availability of marine radio-beacon signals for R-Mode positioning and support of the integrity evaluation of PNT information. A complete system with VDES R-Mode transmitter sites would increase the availability of the R-Mode further [6,8]
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